PubMed Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Kwon et al. PubMed Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. 2007;28:187380. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Google Scholar. J Natl Cancer Inst. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Biomed Environ Sci. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 2015;140:23646. Sci Total Environ. By using this website, you agree to our Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Am J Epidemiol. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. 2011;107:35661. 2006;79:13140. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Professor, Asst Director at VIT Google Scholar. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. 2009;64:2314. statement and Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Google Scholar. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Fragopoulou et al. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare 2003;140:147. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Xu et al. 2013;32:27380. eliminating microwave and RF sources. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects Int J Radiat Biol. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Trends Neurosci. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed 2015;36:4804. Cobb et al. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. J Sleep Res. 2010;28:445. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. 2002;13:11921. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Electromagn Biol Med. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. 1993;13:41322. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Physiol Behav. Trends Cell Biol. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Dasdag et al. 2015;148:150. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Bioelectromagnetics. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Article CAS Verma et al. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Koch C, Zador A. Biol Chem. Int J Occup Environ Health. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Int J Radiat Biol. Joubert et al. Nature. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Bioelectromagnetics. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Article Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. 2002;5:18995. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Gold PE. 1994;15:95104. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. 1999;4:102. BMJ. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. J Radiat Proc. 2003;80:177. Iran J Public Health. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. 1984;5:6370. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. 2005;22:32931. 2010;39:67594. Electromagn Biol Med. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Clin Neurophysiol. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. 1996;180:917. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Gene. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. 2017;38:106976. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. 2009;72:20514. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. 2014;8:63. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. J Neuro. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Pathophysiology. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Part of Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Article In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. PLoS One. 2011;18:32533. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Sci STKE. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Cookies policy. 2017;326:291. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Wang et al. Chin J Indus Hyg. The biological effects of radio waves on human body tissues - ResearchGate California Privacy Statement, Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. radiations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Harris KM. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. 2015;28:1324. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Bioelectromagnetics. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. PubMed 2013;42:428. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Article Xiong et al. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2011;174:211. Google Scholar. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Cosquer et al. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Bioelectromagnetics. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Neurotoxicology. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. daily life. Biochem J. 2009;27:556572. Synapse. Wang et al. Article PubMed 2006;165:63644. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. 2003;80:194210. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. & Hu, XJ. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. 2007;34:146779. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. 1988;9:33745. Mil Med Sci. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Health Effects | Occupational Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2004;2004:19. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. 2008;86:718. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. [84] and Sharma et al. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Biomed Environ Sci. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. 2006;398:2537. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. 2009;158:12639. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Google Scholar. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: 2006;12:44651. PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen Bioelectromagnetics. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. 2013;73:4737. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Dasdag et al. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. 1992;6:379. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Neuroreport. Article Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Qutob et al. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Effect of mobile-phone radiation on Human health - SlideShare Google Scholar. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Arch Environ Health. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. PubMed Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2012;31:6774. Behav Brain Res. J Mol Neurosci. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Behav Brain Res. Neuroreport. Ning et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Abe M, Bonini NM. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Zhang et al. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR 2012;31:25074. Article fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. 1996;93:46938. 2004;48:46624. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Cell Biochem Biophys. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man.