While you are certainly free to do whatever you want with the source material, the Universal version of Frankensteins monster is so iconic and so recognizeable that it would be an uphill battle to create a different version of the monster. Mary Shelley first penned Frankenstein in the summer of 1816 during her famous summer with Percy Shelley and Lord Byron. [38] The New York Post described it as "a grotesque, gruesome tale which, of its kind, is swell". In 1831, publishers Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley asked Shelley to create a third edition for their Standard Novels series, and this is the version with which we are most familiar today. A planned reboot of the classic Universal Monsters was to have them in a shared universe, to be known as the, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:15. [3] The sequel features Elsa Lanchester in the dual role of Mary Shelley and the titular character at the end of the film. He falls into a flooded pit underneath the mill, where the Monsterhaving survived the firestrangles him. [19] Over the course of filming, Pierce modified the Monster's makeup to indicate that the Monster's injuries were healing as the film progressed. 1774: Gluck and Roullet's Iphignie en Aulide debuts at the Thtre du Palais-Royal in on this date in 1774. The illustration to the 1831 edition, a big naked guy with really good abs, remains more or less faithful to that description. The public domain refers to any creative work that doesn't have any intellectual property rights applied to it. on Region 2 DVD. Compre this to the Hammer Frankenstein to the right. The transformed and apparently amnesic Elizabeth feels drawn to the Monster and caresses his face. James Whale, frustrated that the movie-going public had taken his first film on such a surface level, attempted to re-emphasize the points he made the first time around, externalizing Dr. Frankenstein's conflict by introducing a second mad . Well, for one, if you, your son or daughter want to dress up as Frankenstein this Halloween, most likely youll be doing it in a costume/mask thats licensed by Universal. [96] In March 2022, Koepp revealed that he was no longer involved with the project. Paste the HTML into your website. [31] Bride of Frankenstein was approved by the Production Code office on April 15. Frankensteins monster appeared in one segment (alongside the Wicked Witch). When the monster tries to touch her, the Bride screams again. It will connect the researcher to reference works (great for getting authoritative background . The circumstances that gave birth to Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein (1818) read like something from a Gothic story in themselves. Lanchester had returned alone to London when Whale contacted her to offer her the dual role. The character's design in the film features a conical hairdo with white lightning-trace streaks on each side, which has become an iconic symbol of both the character and the film. Public Domain Literary Appearances. [4] James Whale initially refused to direct Bride, believing he had "squeezed the idea dry"[5] on the first film. These include Dracula, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Frankenstein's Monster, Phantom of the Opera, Creature from the Black Lagoon, and Bride of Frankenstein's Monster. Lanchester, who had accompanied husband Charles Laughton to Hollywood, had met with only moderate success while Laughton had made a strong impact with several films including The Private Life of Henry VIII (for which he had won an Oscar) and Whale's own The Old Dark House. Universal horror entered its classic period with 1931's Dracula. By 1976, consumers had started to discover the joys of home video, and were using Sony Betamax devices to record their favorite programs from broadcast television. Frankenstein's Monster (Public Domain) Bride of Frankenstein (Public Domain) Herman Munster (Universal Studios) Real characters. While Pretorius has grown an artificial brain that awaits to be brought out of its dormant state, Karl had obtained a fresh heart from a passerby woman while claiming that he did Pretorius' orders of accessing the recently deceased bodies while bribing the gendarmerie. In the United States, any motion pictures made and featured before 1925 are permanently within the public domain. ", "David Koepp on How His Friendship With Steven Soderbergh Shaped 'KIMI,' the Art of Screenwriting, and His Legendary Career", Frankenstein and The Bride of Frankenstein, America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bride_of_Frankenstein&oldid=1142928437. [11] Kim Newman reports that Whale planned to make Elizabeth the heart donor for the bride,[12] but film historian Scott MacQueen states that Whale never had such an intention. In 1998, it was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, having been deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant". The first edition of Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, was published in 1818, two hundred years ago.Originally offered to the public as an anonymous work, Frankenstein was both the apogee of the gothic horror novel and the birth of the science fiction genre. Since the original film, characters based on the Bride of Frankenstein have been featured in different media. [1], Following its release with the Code seal of approval, the film was challenged by the censorship board in the state of Ohio. We advise our clients More. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Henry again refuses, and Pretorius orders the Monster out, secretly signaling him to kidnap Elizabeth. True to his word, the monster murders Frankenstein's new wife Elizabeth. Director James Whale was openly gay, and some of the actors in the cast, including Ernest Thesiger and, according to rumor, Colin Clive, were respectively gay or bisexual. Pretorius serves as a "gay Mephistopheles",[14] a figure of seduction and temptation, going so far as to pull Frankenstein away from his bride on their wedding night to engage in the unnatural act of creating non-procreative life. transferred the copyright in the third edition to Colburn and Bentley for 30, Five Trademark Questions to Ask in the New Year, Legal Ethics for In-House Attorneys Handling Copyright, Trademark & Advertising Matters, WEBINAR: Trademark and Advertising Basics for Cannabis Companies, WEBINAR: Top IP Cases in 2021 In-House Counsel Need to Know, WEBINAR: Copyright Basics for the Generalist In House Counsel, WEBINAR: 13 Social Media Pitfalls to Avoid for the Generalist In-House Counsel, Webinar: Protecting Product Configurations, Packaging and Designs: What In House Counsel Needs to Know. "[17] Waxman created three distinctive themes: one for the Monster; one for the Bride; and one for Pretorius. [15] Shooting was completed on March 7. APRIL 19. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. Universal makeup artist Jack Pierce paid special attention to the Monster's appearance in this film. He next encounters Frankenstein's servant Minnie, who flees in terror. [72] This set contains eight films: Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Son of Frankenstein, Ghost of Frankenstein, Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man, The House of Frankenstein, House of Dracula, and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein. His chest had a door built in to it; when you opened it, you saw a plastic clockwork-like heart mechanism featuring blue and yellow gears. Bride of Frankenstein is a 1935 American science fiction horror film, and the first sequel to Universal Pictures' 1931 film Frankenstein. All structured data from the file namespace is available under the. Notwithstanding the state of the law, Shelleys family was able to take advantage of the publicity surrounding Peakes play to print and sell a revised second edition of Frankenstein. The flat-topped, neck-bolted monster we know and love was born in 1931, when Boris Karloff starred in Universal Pictures film version of Frankenstein, directed by James Whale. [85] The same month Condon stated that should Jolie decide to leave the project, he would be interested in seeing Gal Gadot play the titular character. Original file (1,194 1,499 pixels, file size: 434 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg), () etina Deutsch English espaol franais italiano Nederlands portugus sicilianu slovenina Ting Vit +/. The henchmen depart as Pretorius stays to enjoy a light supper. [1], Bride of Frankenstein was subjected to censorship, both during production by the Hays office and following its release by local and national censorship boards. 94,302 people follow this. (shelved 73 times as public-domain) avg rating 3.85 1,450,568 ratings published 1818. , Bride Of Frankenstein Public Domain, . Henry initially balks at the idea, but Pretorius threatens to expose him to the authorities as the creator of the monster. sequel featuresElsa Lanchesterin the dual role ofMary "[55] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 95 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". He continued to object to such dialogue in revised scripts,[31] and to a planned shot of the Monster rushing through a graveyard to a figure of a crucified Jesus and attempting to rescue the figure from the cross. He destroys the unfinished female creature after he sees his first creation looking through the window. [79] While the novel Frankenstein has been adapted to film many times, Bride of Frankenstein's closest remake was The Bride (1985), starring Sting, Clancy Brown, and Jennifer Beals. My ancestors had been for many years counsellors and syndics, and my father had filled several public situations with honour and reputation. (2,129 3,178 pixels, file size: 1.91 MB, MIME type: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Bride_of_Frankenstein_(1935_poster).jpg&oldid=705115304, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, == {{int:filedesc}} == {{Information |Description={{en|1=Theatrical release poster of the 1935 film '', xmp.did:9f84e66e-6719-4c3f-8268-2a54d150a257. Furthermore, the filmmaker intends to include plot devices that are relevant to the #MeToo era, stating that "it's horror effortlessly lending itself to metaphor". It was used in the subsequent sequels including The Bride of Frankenstein (1935), Son of Frankenstein (1939) Ghost of Frankenstein (1942) and many others. When she sees Viktor, she is revolted. Segan filed suit for copyright infringement in the Southern District of New York. In the novel Frankenstein creates a mate, but destroys it without bringing it to life. Victor and the Monster fight for Elizabeth, but she feels disgusted with herself. He argues that as a living thing, he has a right to happiness. In 1998, the film was added to the United States National Film Registry, having been deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant". However, this weeks post is a bit of a twist. As with the first The legendary Boris Karloff reprises his rol . [2] He considered Brigitte Helm and Phyllis Brooks before deciding on Elsa Lanchester. Later on in the film, Eva falls in love with Viktor when he discovers her in the monastery outside of Frankenstein's castle. The Monster approaches Pretorius, eats some of his food, and learns that Pretorius plans to create a mate for him. [15] He considered Brigitte Helm and Phyllis Brooks before deciding on Elsa Lanchester. In addition to those listed, any films that were made before 1928 are classified under this as well. Directed by Tod Browning and starring Bela Lugosi, the film owes much of its look to cinematographer Karl Freund. [92], Amy Pascal was hired as producer in February 2020, with the project becoming a joint-venture production between Universal Pictures and Pascal Pictures. Incredibly, twenty-year-old John Polidori was simultaneously inventing the vampire genre just down the hall in the same Geneva villa. 2021. Theodor von Holst's frontispiece to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein. [53] Entertainment Weekly considers the film superior to Frankenstein. Feb 5th 2021 - 11pm Scoreboard. After recovering from injuries sustained in the mob attack upon himself and his creation, Dr. Frankenstein (Colin Clive) falls under the control of his former mentor, Dr. Pretorius (Ernest . [44][45], The film's reputation has persisted and grown in the decades since its release. Like others". MinimalisT ChanneL (Public Domain) Five Fragments on Frankenstein "It is my only weakness" Pretorius, Bride of Frankenstein Like Dr. Pretorius in Bride of Frankenstein (1935), my self-professed weakness(es) extend beyond the odd shot of gin in a chemistry beaker or a cigar in a church crypt. I am just a legally-minded Webmaster/Writer frustrated with the plague of plagiarism online and doing something about it. Pictures' 1931 filmFrankenstein. ", "Frankenstein: Complete Legacy Collection [Blu-ray]", "Best Buy Getting Universal Monsters Steelbooks With Stunning Alex Ross Art", "Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection [Blu-ray]", "Classic Monsters (Complete 30-Film Collection) [DVD]", Bill Condon's 'Bride of Frankenstein' Postponed, "Gal Gadot as 'Bride of Frankenstein'? [14] Because of Mae Clarke's ill health, Valerie Hobson replaced her as Henry Frankenstein's love interest, Elizabeth. Novak and Studer sued NBC and others for this and similar alleged copying of their work. [80] In June 2009, Universal and Imagine entered discussions with director Neil Burger and his writing partner Dirk Wittenborn,[80] and producer Brian Grazer was assigned to oversee the development of the remake. Universal cornered the market on Frankenstein pics in the 1930s and '40s, churning out Frankenstein, and the all time classic Bride of Frankenstein. end of the film. Mary says she has more of the story to tell. Hauling himself from the pit, the Monster casts Hans' wife to her death. 1. After several months Whale was still not satisfied with Balderston's work and handed the project to playwright William J. Hurlbut and Edmund Pearson. For example, with The Curse of Frankenstein, the script had to be rewritten multiple times to avoid any similarities to the Universal series, in particular The Son of Frankenstein, which was a largely original plot created by Universal. There was Son of Frankenstein, Ghost of . I am not a lawyer. The dejected Monster observes: "She hate me! Novak and Debra Studer created the Video Vault, a series of comedy sketches in which veteran talk show host Joe Franklin conducted various impossible interviews with historical and literary characters. Bride of Frankenstein (restored) (1935, expressionist cinema, imdb score: 7.8), bride-of-frankenstein-1935-restored-movie-720p-hd, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). Two German films, The Golem (1914) and Homunculus (1916), dealt with a similar theme derived from Jewish folklore. However, Shelley's description of Frankenstein's monster describes an eight-foot muscular creature with yellow skin, black hair and lips, and pale . Attorney advertising. [24] Fulton and David S. Horsley created the homunculi over the course of two days by shooting the actors in full-size jars against black velvet and aligning them with the perspective of the on-set jars. . [26], Shooting began on January 2, 1935,[27] with a projected budget of US$293,750 ($5.81million as of 2023) almost exactly the budget of the original and an estimated 36-day shooting schedule. [19] Elsa Lanchester is credited for Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, but in a nod to the earlier film, the Monster's bride is credited only as "?" [12] Whale completed his final cut, shortening the running time from about 90 to 75 minutes and re-shooting and re-editing the ending, only days before the film's scheduled premiere date. Stupid! Refer to the following code snippet. Chapter 1. [18] Clive had also broken his leg. [80] In 1991, the studio sought to remake the film for cable television, and Martin Scorsese expressed interest in directing. The work of art itself is in the public domain for the following reason: Public domain Public domain false false This work is in the public domain because it was published in the United States between 1928 and 1963, and although there may or may not have been a copyright notice, the copyright was not renewed . Because the work was published in the United States between 1927 and 1977, inclusive, and it was not protected by . A novelization of the film published in the United Kingdom made the implication clear, having Pretorius say to Frankenstein: "Be fruitful and multiply. - Omega Underground", "Interview: Bill Condon, Director of The Good Liar", "Director Bill Condon says it was a 'heartbreaker' to lose Bride of Frankenstein reboot", "Scarlett Johansson to Star in New Take on The Bride of Frankenstein: 'It Is Long Overdue', "Hollywood Still Trying to Put a Ring on Universal's 'Bride of Frankenstein' (EXCLUSIVE)", "Bride Of Frankenstein Reboot Might Still Happen Despite Dark Universe Failure--Report - GameSpot", "David Koepp gives more info on his Bride of Frankenstein remake! The RiffTrax are sold online as downloadable audio commentaries and pre-synchronized videos. Select a size, 2. Uploaded by Black Widow actor Scarlett Johansson is set to produce and star in a new riff on the Frankenstein story, titled Bride, for AppleTV+ and A24.While the Bride of Frankenstein is an iconic movie monster, she tends to play second fiddle to the men in most adaptations and, indeed, Mary Shelley's original novel - something that Johansson and director Sebastin Lelio aim to rectify with their new . [5] Dwight Frye returned to play the doctor's assistant, Karl, having played the hunchback Fritz in the original. As you can see, the image lacks a flattop head, has no bolts and only has a slightly protruding forehead. Movie. You live! Frankenstein (1910 film)-Public Domain. Why is Igor called Fritz? The Court acknowledged that there were many similarities between Segans design and Universals property, but held that there were disputed issues of material fact as to whether Frankenstuff was truly derivative of Universals design, or merely stirred ones memory of that design. . Rather, the Monster is a "mockery of the divine" since, having been created by Man rather than God, it "lacks the divine spark". Bride of Frankensteinis a 1935 Americanscience [10] L. G. Blochman and Philip MacDonald were the next writers assigned, but Whale also found their work unsatisfactory. [43] Bride was nominated for one Academy Award, for Sound Recording (Gilbert Kurland). Pretorius wishes to work with Henry to create a mate for the Monster, with the proposed venture involving Pretorius growing an artificial brain while Henry gathers parts for the mate. Victor Frankenstein is tempted by his monster. However, they can and repeatedly have clamped down on those whose reimaginings of the book involved a monster that they felt looked too close to their own. Fearing for his family, Victor reluctantly agrees and travels to the Orkney Islands to begin his work on the creature's mate. In 1971, a Shasta soda ad supposedly had to be reshot because the makeup artist created something too close to the Karloff monster. Her practice Peter Sullivan is a partner in Foley Hoags Intellectual Property, Litigation, and International Foley Hoags Trademark, Copyright & Unfair Competition practice group handles the full spectrum of trademark matters. just as Boris Karloff had been in the opening credits of Frankenstein. This includes, movies, comics, books and other formats. Diminutive actor Billy Barty is briefly visible from the back in the finished film as a homunculus infant in a high chair, but Whale cut the infant's reveal before the film's release. She reminds them that her intention for writing the novel was to impart a moral lesson, the consequences of a mortal man who tries to play God. Ok, thats a bit of an exaggeration, but the monster was right there in the middle of one of the Supreme Courts most important fair use cases. Unlike the original, most of these later incarnations of the Bride depict her as reciprocating the Monster's affection for her: Last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:15, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Chapter 20 | Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus | Mary Shelley | Lit2Go ETC", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bride_of_Frankenstein_(character)&oldid=1141384880, Heinrich "Henry" von Frankenstein (creator), The Bride of Frankenstein appears as "The Monster's Mate" in the 1967 film, The Bride of Frankenstein appears in the 1972 film, The Bride of Frankenstein appears in the 1973 British television film, The Bride of Frankenstein is one of six monsters featured in the 1998 pinball machine. The Monster saves a young shepherdess from drowning. [8] The censors' office, upon reviewing the film in March 1935, required a number of cuts. [50] In 2008, Bride was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. [39], In another unqualified review, Time wrote that the film had "a vitality that makes their efforts fully the equal of the original picture Screenwriters Hurlbut & Balderston and Director James Whale have given it the macabre intensity proper to all good horror pieces, but have substituted a queer kind of mechanistic pathos for the sheer evil that was Frankenstein". The public did not learn until years later that this masterpiece had been penned by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Various comic book retellings have done the same thing. Heroes Inc - a webcomic by contibutor Zcotty. [87], In January 2018, Condon was reportedly assembling a production team, consisting of cinematographer Tobias A. Schliessler, production designer Sarah Greenwood, composer Carter Burwell, and costume designer Jacqueline Durran. Info; Issues 18; Volumes 10; Authors 1; Friends 9; Enemies 1; Teams 3; Name: Bride of Frankenstein Publisher: In the Public Domain. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Frankenstein. Year of Production: 2022. The score closes, at Whale's suggestion, with a powerful dissonant chord, intended to convey the idea that the on-screen explosion was so powerful that the theater where the film was being screened was affected by it. The Bride, screaming, rejects him. While this character was a failed experiment that never came to life in the book, it is pretty intuitive to imagine a scenario in which she did come to life. The monster witnesses this and confronting Victor, the monster vows to be with Victor on his upcoming wedding night. Lightning strikes a kite sending electricity through the Bride. [43] The Times praised the entire principal cast and Whale's direction in concluding that Bride is "a first-rate horror film",[43] and presciently suggested that "the Monster should become an institution, like Charlie Chan". Shelley had written the work on a rainy day in 1816, when she was only nineteen. Upon seeing the monster, the Bride screams in horror. The foreground film plate was rotoscoped and matted onto the rear plate. [30] With a final cost of $397,023 ($9.82million as of 2023), Bride was more than $100,000 ($1.98million as of 2023) over budget. Pretorius then declares it "The Bride of Frankenstein!" The following film Son of Frankenstein (1939) reveals that the monster survived the explosion while Pretorius and the Bride presumably died. Henry returns to his tower laboratory where, despite himself, he grows excited over his work. Likewise, other adaptations of the story that use a monster similar to the one in the Universal films need to either get a license or risk facing a lawsuit. The first edition of Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, was published in 1818, two hundred years ago.Originally offered to the public as an anonymous work, Frankenstein was both the apogee of the gothic horror novel and the birth of the science fiction genre. Universal considered making a sequel to Frankenstein as early as its 1931 preview screenings, following which the film's original ending was changed to allow for Henry Frankenstein's survival. Shelley transferred the copyright in the third edition to Colburn and Bentley for 30, the last money she would ever see from the book. The public did not learn until years later that this masterpiece had been penned by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Since its release the film's reputation has grown, and it is now frequently considered one of the greatest sequels ever made; many fans and critics consider it to be an improvement on the original, and it has been hailed as Whale's masterpiece. The Monster comes down the steps after killing Karl on the rooftop and sees his mate. However, if you want proof how big of an uphill battle this is, ask a child what Frankenstein looks like and youll likely see just how deep the connection with the Universal version is, even 80 years after its release. Shelleys description of the monster was of an outsized 8-foot tall man with lustrous black hair, white teeth and tight yellow skin. The script passed its review, but Whale, who by then had been contracted to direct, complained that "it stinks to heaven". AS THIS IS A VERY OLD FILM IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. It had to be a design honoring the Halloween Hall of Fame, featuring Frankenstein and his Bride, Dracula, and the Wicked Witch of the West. Lanchester had returned alone to London when Whale contacted her to offer her the dual role. 2005-2023 Plagiarism Today All Rights Reserved, a copyright blunder led to Night of the Living Dead being released into the public domain, a copyright dispute nearly led to the destruction of Nosferatu, Mary Shelley first penned Frankenstein in the summer of 1816, when Hammer Films did their Frankenstein films, Various comic book retellings have done the same thing, According to a recent report from a book publisher, Tristar Pictures did make a more novel-faithful adaptation of the story, PlagScan Review: Solid Plagiarism Detection, When Admitted Plagiarism Doesnt Cause a Retraction, The Copyright Claims Board Decides its First Case, How Amazon is Punishing Victims of Piracy, The Plagiarism Battle in Mexicos Supreme Court. [66], In 1999, Universal released Bride of Frankenstein on VHS and DVD as part of the "Classic Monster Collection". [8], Whale met Franz Waxman at a party and asked him to score the picture. Bride of Frankenstein movie clips: http://j.mp/1CMO9a7BUY THE MOVIE: http://amzn.to/vf2H4FDon't miss the HOTTEST NEW TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/1u2y6prCLIP DESC. Universal (and other movie studios) filed a copyright case alleging that, by making this consumer copying possible, Sony was secondarily liable for massive copyright infringement. My argument was that if the monster had any impact or charm, it was because he was inarticulate this great, lumbering, inarticulate creature. [8] Lanchester disliked working with Pierce, who she said "really did feel that he made these people, like he was a god in the morning he'd be dressed in white as if he were in hospital to perform an operation". That's a critical interpretation that has nothing to do with the original inspiration". Bride of Frankenstein is a 1935 American science fiction horror film, and the first sequel to Universal Pictures' 1931 film Frankenstein. [88], In November 2019, Condon reflected on the proposed Bride of Frankenstein remake not entering production. Filmmakers John Krasinski and Sam Raimi have individually had discussions with the studio regarding potentially directing, while Variety reported that Krasinski was given options to develop films from the roster of monsters owned by Universal Pictures. API Copying Now Fair Game in the Wake of Supreme Courts Decision in Google LLC v. Oracle America Inc. Webinar: Trademark Transactions for the Generalist In-House Counsel, A Tale of Two Gorillas: An Underdog (Under-Ape?) A touching scene in James Whale's classic horror film 'Bride of Frankenstein', where the Monster meets a lonely blind hermit while he is on the run from the . [38] The Hollywood Reporter similarly called the film "a joy for those who can appreciate it". Like all the others." The look became an instant sensation and became widely associated with the monster. SON OF FRANKENSTEIN. [31] Censors in England and China objected to the scene in which the Monster gazes longingly upon the body intended for reanimation as the Bride, citing concerns that it looked like necrophilia. [35][36], Bride of Frankenstein was profitable for Universal, with a 1943 report showing that the film had by then earned approximately $2 million ($31.3million in 2023 money) for the studio, a profit of about $950,000 ($14.9million as of 2023).
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